v (1)开始，着手(begin)[I+to-inf，T+n，T+-ing]：It～ed to snow/rain. 开始下雪/雨了。He～s to earn his own living this very afternoon. 就从今天下午开始他要自食其力了。～work/one's career 开始工作/自己的职业;～a meeting/a new job 开会/开展一项新工作;～counting/singing 开始计算/唱歌;It～ed raining. 开始下雨。〖同〗begin;〖反〗end，finish，stop，cease，terminate;
 (2)起程，出发，动身(begin a journey;set off)[I，I+adv (out/off)]：～at 5：30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time 早上5点半出发以便及时登船;～for Vermont early 早点起程去佛蒙特;have to～(out/off) early 不得不早动身;〖同〗leave，depart，set off;
 (3)(引擎，机器等)发(起)动((cause an engine，a machine，etc to) begin operation or running)[I，T+n]：The battery was dead and the car wouldn't～. 电瓶没电了，汽车起动不起来。The clock keeps stopping and～ing. 这座钟停停走走。He can't～the bus. 他无法把这辆车发动起来。The clock stopped but I～ed it again. 钟停了，但我又让它走了起来。～the engine by using a crank 用曲柄发动引擎;〖反〗turn off;
 (4)(使)开始干((cause to) begin doing a job or a piece of work) [I+prep (on)， T+n，T+n+prep (on)]：～on a job/a second cake/the next book 开始工作/吃一块蛋糕/写另一本书;This is not good weather for～ing (on) a journey. 这不是出门旅行的好天气。We've three rooms to decorate altogether. I think we'd better～on the dining-room. 我们一共有三个房间要装饰，我认为我们最好从餐厅开始干起。
 (5)引发(起)，开办(设，创)(bring sth into existence;establish or originate)[T+n，T+n+prep，C+n+-ing]：～a shop/a college magazine/a discussion/a fire办一个店/创办一份大学杂志/引发一次讨论/点火;～sb in business 帮助某人立业;try to～up a swimming club 试图建立一个游泳俱乐部;～sb thinking/playing football/learning Latin 让某人思考/踢足球/学拉丁文;～a clock going 让钟走起来;〖同〗found，establish，launch，begin，create;〖反〗end，finish，stop，cease;
 (6)惊起(跳)，猛然一惊(made a quick uncontrolled movement，esp from sudden surprise，fear，pain)[I，I+adv (up)](fml)：He must have been dozing，because he～ed when I spoke. 他刚才一定是打瞌睡，因为我讲话时他惊了一下。The touch on her back made her～. 碰一下她的背就使她吓了一跳。～to one's feet at the noise/the sight of sth 听到噪音/看到那景象吓得跳了起来;The birds～ed up from the trees at the noise.嘈杂声惊动了树上的鸟。The man～ed up from his seat at the noise. 嘈杂声使那人从座位上跳起来。〖同〗jump，shy;
 (7)突然出(涌)现等(appear or rise suddenly)[I+prep](fml)：Tears～ed from her eyes. 热泪从眼中流出。Blood～ed from the wound. 鲜血从伤口流出。Tears～ed to Jennie's eyes. 珍妮热泪盈眶。Her eyes almost～ed out of her head in terror.她因恐怖瞪大了双眼。eyes seeming to～from their sockets 双眼瞪得似乎要从眼眶中挤出来;
 start a family(夫妇)生育第一个小孩：They are hoping to～a family soon. 他们希望很快就会有个小孩。
 start from scratch 从头开始，白手起家：The company lost all its plants through enemy bombing，so that in 1945 they～ed absolutely from scratch. 由于敌人轰炸，公司失掉了所有工厂，所以他们在1945年白手起家又从头干起。
 start off on the right/wrong foot (with sb)从开始就和某人处好(不好)关系(infml)：It's a good idea to try to～off on the right foot with everybody. 从一开始就和每个人搞好关系实为明智之举。
 start sth (infml)开始争斗(论)，惹麻烦：He's really～ed something now. 他现在已经真地惹了麻烦。
 to start with (v prep) 1)第一，首先(vi)：You have no right to stay here，to～with.首先你无权住在这儿。2)起初，开始(vi)：He was an engineer to～with，then a manager.他一开始担任工程师，后来升任经理。
 start back (v adv) 1)开始返回(vi)：I think we should～back fairly soon if we want to get home before dark. 我认为如果我们想天黑前到家，我们应该马上动身往回走。2)惊退(回)：She～ed back in horror when she saw the corpse. 她一见到尸体就吓得猛地向后退缩。
 start for (v prep)启程前往……(vt)：When do you～for London? 你什么时候启程去伦敦?
 start in on sb (for sth)(v adv prep)责骂，攻击，训斥(vt)(infml)：Don't～in on me，it's not my fault. 别责怪我，那不是我的错。
 start in (on sth/to do sth)(v adv)开始做某事(vi)： It's about time we～ed in to talk/on talking/on a talk about it.是我们开始谈此事的时候了。
 start off (v adv)开始(动)(vi)：The boys～ed off across the field. 那些男孩们动身穿过田野。
 start off (on)(v adv)(使)开始干(vi & vt)：They～ed off on their journey at dawn. 黎明时他们踏上了旅途。I can～them off on another foreign language soon. 我很快就可以让他们开始学第二门外语了。
 start out (on sth/to do sth)(v adv prep)1)启程(vt)：The children were always excited to～out on a camping trip. 启程去露营孩子们总是非常兴奋。2)开始时打算做(vi)：I～ed out to make the dress by myself，but in the end I had to ask for help. 我开始时打算自己做衣服的，但最终还是得请别人帮忙完成。
 start up (v adv)使开始(启动)(vt & vi)：How do you～up this motorcycle? 你如何发动这辆摩托车的? The engine～ed up suddenly. 发动机突然运转起来。
 start up (in sth)(v adv)开始一生涯(工作)(vi)：How much would it cost to～up in the insurance business? 开办保险业务要花多少钱?
 →′starting-block n 起跑器;′starting-gate n(赛马、狗等的)起跑门;′starting-point n 起点;′starting-post n 起跑柱(点);′starting-price n 临赛赌赔率;
 n(1)开始(端)，起程，动身(beginning of an action，an activity，a journey，a scheme，a race，etc)[C]：a good/lucky～良好/幸运的开端;as the～of the hike 作为徒步旅行的出发点;at the～of the race 在赛跑开始时;line up at the～在起跑线上排好;the～of a film 电影的开始;from～to finish 自始至终;get ready for the～准备开始;make a～on that work/the cooking/a journey 开始那项工作/做饭/旅行;win from the～从一开始就获胜;〖同〗beginning，opening，birth，creation，dawn;〖反〗end，finish;
 (2)开始的机会(照应，帮助) (chance， opportunity，aid，or encouragement given to a person starting on a course or career)[C]：give sb a fresh～给某人一个重新开始的机会;The bride's parents gave the couple a～by buying them a house. 新娘的父母给这对新人买了一幢房子让他们成家。〖同〗opening chance，introduction，opportunity，support，aid;
 (3)领先(有利)地位，起始优势((in a race，etc) advantage of beginning before or further forward than others，or the amount of time，distance，etc gained through this)[U，a～]：give sb much～给某人许多起始优势;get a good～in business/life 在商业上得天独厚/生活上优越;get a～of five metres/five seconds in the race 领先五米/五秒起跑;All that money gives him a～over his rivals. 那笔钱使他比对手占了优势。〖同〗lead，advantage，advance，priority;〖反〗disadvantage，handicap;
 (4)惊起(跳)(quick uncontrolled movement，esp of sudden surprise，fear，pain，etc)[C，通常sing]：give sb quite a～使某人大吃一惊;wake up (from the bad dream) with a～(恶梦中)惊醒;On seeing the snake，the girl sprang up with a～. 一看见蛇，那女孩就惊跳起来。〖同〗jump，turn;
 for a start 首先：You can't have a new bicycle because for a～we can't afford one. 你不能拥有一辆新自行车，首先是因为我们买不起。
 get off to a good/bad start 一开始很好(糟)：The chairman got the meeting off to a good～. 主席使会议从一开始就进行得很顺利。
 【辨异】start与 begin和commence的区别见BEGIN。