v (1)拿(握，抓来)住(keep or support using the hands or arms(or another part of the body))[T+n，T+n+prep]：～the baby/parcel tightly 紧紧抱着孩子/抓着包裹;～sb by the sleeve/the arm 抓住某人的衣袖/胳臂;～a pile of books in one's arms 抱着一摞书;～a rope in one's teeth 用牙咬住绳子;～a paintbrush between one's teeth 用牙叼住画笔;～a dish in/with two hands 用双手拿起盘子;～a postage stamp with tweezers 用镊子夹起邮票;
 (2) 1)托住，支承(be able to bear the weight of (sth/sb)͵ support)[T+n]：You're too heavy and that branch won't～your weight.你太重了，那树枝承受不住你的重量。The rope will～you. 这根绳子能承受住你的重量。2)阻止;控制(restrain or control sth/sb)[I]： (police)～a thief(警察)抓住小偷;(dam)～the flood water(大坝)控制住洪水;The knot held for a few moments and then came apart. 绳结撑了一阵儿，然后开了。～one's temper/one's breath 控制脾气/屏息;
 (3)使保持某种状态(位置)(put or keep oneself or a part of the body，sb/sth in a particular position or condition)[T+n+adv，T+n+prep，C+n+adj]：～one's head up/straight/high 昂起头/把头抬直/趾高气扬;～out one's cup for more tea 递过杯子再要些茶;～a shelf in place 把架子放稳;～a match to sb's cigarette用火柴给某人点烟;～a door closed 让门关着;～oneself still/sb silent 让自己保持平静/让某人安静下来;
 (4) 1)保持稳固(位置不变)(remain in position，esp in spite of pressure，weight，etc)[I]：The anchor/shelf held.锚/架子纹丝不动。The line held.防线牢固。2)持续，保持(remain in the same state and not change;last)[I]：Fine warm weather held for our holiday. 假期中天气一直温暖晴朗。If our luck～s， we'll win the competition. 如果我们始终运气好的话，我们就会赢得这场比赛。3)仍然有效(适应)(continue to be valid or apply)[I]：My words still～. 我的话仍然有效。The offers/The rules still～.这些报价/规则仍然有效。
 (5)不打滑，走得稳((of the wheels of a car，etc) maintain a grip of (a corner，road，etc))[T+n]： The car～s the road well. 汽车在路上走得很稳。
 (6)容纳，装得下;包含((be able to) contain，have (an amount or quantity) inside)[T+n]：The filing cabinet can～all the paper. 档案柜可装下所有的文件。How much water does the pan～?这个平底锅能盛多少水?～the sum in one's head 把数记在脑子里;Life～s many surprises.(fig)人生有许多意想不到之事。I wonder what the future～s for me?(fig)我不知道未来会对我怎样。〖同〗contain，accommodate，include;
 (7)坚守，保卫(留)(defend one's position against attack;keep in control or in one's possession)[T+n]：～a fort/a castle against the enemy 坚守保垒/城堡，抵御敌人;～one's seat/one's tickets until tomorrow 座位/票保留到明天;
 (8)扣(拘)留，监禁(keep sb under one's control;not allow sb to leave，escape，etc)[T+n，C+n+n]：～the two men in connection with the bank robbery拘留与抢劫银行有关的两个人;The hostages were held captive for two months. 这些人质被囚禁两个月。The terrorists held the man hostage/prisoner.恐怖分子将那人囚禁起来作人质/囚犯。〖反〗release，free;
 (9)拥有(财产，股票)(have or possess(sth，esp shares in a company))[T+n，不用prog]：～shares in the company 在这家公司中拥有股份;～estates/land/title 拥有不动产/土地/所有权;～rights to hunt on the land 有在这块土地上狩猎的权利;
 (10)任职，占据(have or be in an official position， job，etc;have the ownership or use of;occupy)[T+n，不用prog]：～the office of director/the post of Prime Minister/the position of company secretary 担任董事/首相/公司秘书的职务;～a job for two years干一项工作两年了;
 (11)保持，赢得(have or gain through merit)[T+n]：～the world record for the long jump保持跳远的世界记录;
 (12)保持住……(的注意力或兴趣)(keep the interest or attention of sb)[T+n]：The teacher can't～his pupils' attention. 老师无法吸引学生的注意力。His singing held the audience. 他的演唱吸引了观众。
 (13)持(怀)有(见解，信仰，意见)(have or express (a belief，opinion or view，etc)) [T+n，不用prog]：～such views of life/some strange ideas 对生活持有如此的观点/有一些古怪的想法;～the belief that the plan cannot work 坚持认为这个计划无法实行;
 (14)认为，相信(consider;believe;judge)[C+n+adj，C+n+to-inf，T+that](fml)：We held her best of all the applicants. 我们认为她是所有申请人中最好的。He～s me responsible for everyone's mistakes. 他认为我应该对每个人的错误承担责任。～the truths to be self-evident 认为这些真理是不言而喻的;～sb to be a fool 认为某人是个傻瓜;～that this was the right decision 相信这是正确的决定;〖同〗consider，believe;〖反〗deny;
 (15)举行，召开(cause to take place;make happen)[T+n]：～an election for president of the society 为协会主席一职举行选举;～a meeting/a party/a motor show 召开会议/举办晚会/举办汽车展览;〖反〗cancel;
 (16) 1)(船只，飞机)循(特定方向)航行((of a ship or aircraft) continue to follow(a direction))[T+n]：(ship)～a south-easterly course(船只)继续沿东南方向行驶;The plane held its course.这架飞机沿着航线飞行。2)持续唱(某音符)(continue to sing (a music note))[T+n]：～a high note 持续唱一个高音;～the note for four whole beats 把这个音唱满四拍;
 (17)等(受话人)讲话(wait while the person one is calling comes to the telephone， finishes what he is doing，etc)[I，T+n]：Mr Brown's extension is engaged at the moment. Will you～(the line)?布朗先生的分机眼下正占线，请稍等，不要挂断好吗?
 hold good 仍然适用： The principle still～s good. 这条原则仍然适用。
 hold it 等待;不要动(infml)：H～it! We can't go in yet as I can't find my keys.等一等，我们还进不去，因为我找不到钥匙。
 there is no holding sb 无法阻挡……(做)：She was so determined and high-spirited that there seemed to be no～ing her.她决心很大，兴致颇高，什么也不能阻止她(做这事)。
 hold one's own 坚持(支撑)住：He is a skilled debater，and can～his own against any opponent.他辩论技巧谙练，能够顶住任何对手。
 hold the fort(在别人不在时)照料一切：Jennie had to～the fort while her mother was in hospital.妈妈住院时，珍妮不得不料理家务。
 hold water 合理，可信，站得住脚：Your argument doesn't～water. 你的理由不成立。
 hold sth against sb以……为根据而形成对某人不利的看法(infml)：～the boy's past bad behaviour/the boy's foolish remarks against him由于这个男孩子过去的坏行为/愚蠢的话而产生对他不利的看法;
 hold back (v adv) 1)因害怕或不愿意而踌躇(犹豫)(vi)：～back not knowing how to break the terrible news 因不知如何开口说出这可怕的消息而踌躇;～back from asking the favour of sb 对求某人帮忙犹豫不定; 2)阻止(……的)进步(发展)(vt)：His lack of training is～ing him back.由于他缺乏训练阻碍了他的进步。3)(vt)挡住：The dam held back the flooding river. 水坝阻挡住泛滥的河水。4)不公布，扣住，保留(vt)：～back the truth 隐瞒真相;The research findings were held back.没有公布研究的结果。5)不流露感情(眼泪等)克制住(vt)：～back one's anger/tears/emotions/laughter克制住自己的愤怒/眼泪/感情/笑声;
 hold down (v adv) 1)压制，镇压(vt)：～down the people/a good man 镇压人民/压制好人; 2)压低(物价等)，缩减(vt)：～down expenditure/prices/costs/the rate of interest 缩减开支/降低价格/降低成本/降低利率; 3)保持住(工作等)：manage to～down a job for more than a few weeks 设法保住一份工作多干几周;
 hold forth (v adv)滔滔地讲(vi)：～forth at great length on the subject/about how one would run the economy 长时间滔滔不绝地谈论这个题目/关于自己怎样管理经济的问题;
 hold in (v adv) 抑(控)制(vt)：～in one's feelings/one's temper/one's anger/one's laughter 控制感情/脾气/愤怒/笑声;
 hold off (v adv) 1)(雨，暴风雨等)未发生，拖延(vi)： The rain/frost held off. 未下雨/没发生霜冻。2)约束自己不做(尤指攻击别人)：～off for the duration of the cease-fire 在停火期间不发动进攻; 3)阻挡(止)(vt)：～off the superior enemy attacks 抵抗装备精良的敌人的进攻; 4)延迟(vt)：～off one's decision 推迟作出决定;～off applying for a passport 推迟申请护照;
 hold on (v adv) 1)等，停(vi)(infml)(常用imper)：H～on (for) a moment! 等一会儿! 2)坚持度过难关(险境)：～on for another week or so 再坚持一周左右;～on to the end 坚持到最后; 3)固定住(vt)：Nuts and bolts～the wheels on.螺母和螺栓将轮子固定。
 hold on (to)(v adv) 1)抓住……不放(vi)：～on to sb/a rock to stop oneself from slipping 抓住某人/一块石头以防滑下去;
 hold on to(v adv prep)不给(卖)，保存(留)(vt)(infml)：～on to one's shares/one's lovely house 保留自己的股份/可爱的房子(不卖);
 hold out (v adv) 1)延续，维持(vi)：The food supplies/engines will～out. 食品供给还将继续/发动机还将继续工作。2)抵抗(御)(vi)：The soldiers held out for two weeks. 士兵们坚持了两周。3)给予，提供(vt)：～out a dress for sb to try on 拿出一件衣服让某人试穿;～out many fine promises 作出许多美好的许诺;
 hold out for (v adv prep)故意拖延……以达到目的(vi)(infml)：The strikers are～ing out for a big increase in their wages.罢工者们正在故意拖延以求实现大幅度增加工资。
 hold out on (v adv prep)拒绝向某人提供信息(vt)(infml)：He says he knows nothing about it， but I think he's～ing out on us. 他说他对此事一无所知，但我想他在瞒着我们。
 hold over (v adv)拖延;延期(vt)(通常pass)：～the matter/discussion over 拖延此事/讨论;
 hold to (v prep)坚持(原则，意见);忠实于(vt)：～to one's original opinion 坚持自己最初的意见;
 hold together (v adv) 1)保持完整(vi)：The car's bodywork hardly～s together.汽车几乎要散架了。2) 使团结一致(vt)：Friendship～s a marriage together. 友谊使婚姻牢固。
 hold up (v adv) 1)提出……作为典范(vt)：What do you～up to the children as being desirable goals? 你提出什么作为孩子们的理想目标呢?2)阻塞，使停滞(vt)：(flight/car) be held up by fog(航班/汽车)因雾停开; 3)抢(拦)劫(vt)：The bandits held up a bank/a passenger.歹徒抢劫银行/拦劫乘客。
 hold with(v prep)同意，赞成(vt)：(用于neg 和interr)：I don't～with his views on economy. 我不同意他对经济的看法。
 →′hold-up n 阻塞，耽搁;持械抢劫;′holding n占(所)有物;′holder n持有者，所有者;支撑物，容器;租入的土地;
 n (1) 1)拿(握、抓、夹)(act of holding sth/sb;grasp;grip)[U，a～]：resume/lost one's firm～on/of the rope又紧紧抓住/没抓住绳子;dog's～on a stick狗死咬住棍子;〖同〗grasp，grip; 2)(拳击，摔跤中的)擒拿法(manner of holding sb)[C]：a wrist～掰腕子;wrestling～s 擒拿术;
 (2)影响(influence)[C，sing][N(on/over)]：(idea/habit/sb) exert/have/get a～on man's imagination (思想/习惯/某人)对人的想象产生影响;have a tremendous～over sb 对某人有极大的影响;〖同〗influence;
 (3) 1)控制，掌握(power or control over sth/sb)[C，sing] [N (on)]： keep/tighten one's～on the company 保持/加强对这个公司的控制;(legal documents) give the present owner a legitimate～on the property(法律文件)使现主人对此财产有合法的占有权;〖同〗control，power; 2)握力(forceful closing of the hand)[C，sing]：The big man has got a strong～;he can break a glass.这个大个子握力很强，他可以捏碎玻璃杯。
 catch/get/grab/seize/take，etc hold of sth/sb 抓(握，拿)住：take～of sb's hand/a stick 握住某人的手/棍子;catch～of the rope 抓住这根绳子;(anger/music) take～of sb(愤怒/音乐)控制了某人;
 get hold of sb/sth 1)找来使用，获得(infml)：get～of a car 弄到一部汽车;get～of the idea 得到这种想法; 2)与某人联系;寻找某人;get～of sb by phone用电话找到某人;
 【辨异】 1)hold与have、occupy、own和possess的区别见HAVE。2)hold与contain和accommodate的区别见CONTAIN。