(1)提纯，精练(make a substance pure by taking out dirt，waste substance)[T+n]：～crude petroleum/ore/metal/sugar 提炼原油/矿石/金属/精制糖;～ing processes 提纯工艺(过程);〖同〗process;

(2)改进(良)(make sth better;improve sth)[T+n]：～one's techniques/working methods/earlier designs 使自己的技术精益求精/改进自己的工作方法/改进以前的设计;The original model has to be～d. 最初的那个模型还有待完善。～one's idea/one's theories 使自己的想法/理论更完善;〖同〗improve，perfect;

(3)使变得文(优)雅(make more tasteful or stylish)[T+n](fig)：～one's manner/one's taste/one's language 使自己的举止/品味/语言变得文雅;Reading good books helps to～one's speech. 读些好书可使一个人的语言变得文雅。

refine on/upon(v prep)改进，推敲(vt)：Mary was asked to～on her first outline. 让玛丽把她最初的提纲再改进一下。

→ re′fined adj 文雅的;经过提炼的;re′finer n 精炼者;精制机;re′finement n 精炼(制);文雅;改进(良);精细(致);re′finery n 精炼加工厂