by

prep.
1. about,concerning关于，对于。
△L.L.L.4.3.150(148):“I would not have him know so much by me.”我不愿让他知道关于我的一切经历。
△Mer.1.2. 57 (54):“How say you by the French lord,Monsieur Le Bon?”关于那位法国贵族勒·滂先生，你又觉得怎样呢？
△Ado.5.1.316 (303):“In any thing that I do know by her.”我所知道的有关她的任何事情。
△Oth.1.3.17:“How say youby this change?” i.e. What do you think about thischange?你们对于这一变动有什么意见？
2. at the side of,beside,near在…旁边，靠近。
△2H.VI.
3.2.387: “If thou be found by me,thou art but dead.”如果发现你在我身边，你就死定了。
△1H.IV. 2. 3. 25(22):“’Zounds,an I were now by this rascal,I could brain him with his lady’s fan.”他妈的，假如我现在就在这个混蛋身边，我就要拿他太太的扇子打他的脑子。
3. by means of,on account of借助于，由于。
△Mac.3.4.125(124): “By maggot-pies and choughs and rooks”，借助于喜鹊、乌鸦和白嘴鸦。
△3H.VI.3.3.186:“Did I forget that by the house of York/ My father came untimely to his death?”难道我忘记了我的父亲正是由于约克家族才遭到横死的吗？
△R.III.4.4.344 (343):“Infer fair England’s peace by this alliance.”可以提出由于这一联姻而为美丽的英格兰所带来的和平。
4. by reason of,because of由于，因为。
△Rom.2.2.53:“By a name/I know not how to tell thee who I am.”只因为一个名字，我不知怎么跟你说我是谁。
5. judging by,judging from根据…来判断。
△Mac. 5.7.65 (5. 9. 2):“and yet,by these I see，”但是就我眼前所见的这些人说起来。
△1H.IV.1.1.57:“As by discharge of their artillery”，根据关于双方炮击的情况看来。
6. through通过，由于。
△H.VIII.2.1.121: “Yet thus far we are one in fortunes: both/Fell by our servants,by those men we loved most；”但是我们的命运在这一点仍是相同的：我们两人都是因为我们的仆人、我们最亲信的人而遭到陷害。
7. from从。
△1H.VI.2.3.68:“I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited,/ And more than may be gathered by thy shape.”我发现你的确是名不虚传，不能仅从外貌上来推断。
8. at the...一…。
△1H.VI.5.4.120: “for boiling choler chokes / The hollow passage (i.e.throat) of my poisoned voice/By sight of these our baleful enemies.”因为一看见我们的这些恶狠狠的敌人，怒气就堵塞住我的喉咙，使我说不出话来。
9,for 指。
△Mer.2.9.25: “That many may bemeant/By the fool multitude that choose by show，”那“众人”也许是指那无知的群众，他们只知道凭着外表取人。
10. for计，达。
△H.VIII. 2. 4. 46 (48): “My father,King of Spain. was reckoned one / The wisest princethat there had reigned by many / A year before .”(one/The wisest prince: one of the wisest princes.)我的父亲西班牙国王也被公认为多年以来在位执政的最英明的君主。
Phrases & Expressions:
by and by: soon,before long,without delay,in a mo-ment,immediately,at once不久，赶快，立刻，即刻，马上。
△L.L.L.5.2.96: “by and by disguised they will behere.”不久他们就要化装来到这里了。
△Gent.4.2.106(103):“And by and by intend to chide myself/Evenfor this time I spend in talking to thee.”而且不久我就会责怪我自己，不该浪费时间跟你谈这一次话。
△Wiv.4.1.7:“I’ll be with her by and by；” 我等会儿就到她那里去。
△Tw.3.4.194(174):“and will by and by depart.”很快就要出来了。
△Tw.4.2.78(71):“Come by and by tomy chamber.” 随后到我屋子里来吧。
△As.4.3.140(138):“By and by.”别急，马上就说。
△Mid.4.1.186(180):“For in the temple,by and by,with us/Thesecouples shall eternally be knit.”这两对情人不久就要跟我们一起到神庙里同时永缔良缘。
△Rom.2.2.151:“By andby,I come—”我马上就来。
△Rom.3.3.75(76):“Runto my study.—By and by! —God’s will.”跑到我的书房里。——就来了！ ——上帝啊！
△Rom.3.4.34:“it is so very late that we/May call it early by and by.”天已经这样晚了，等一会儿我们就可以说是早晨了。
△Rom.5.3.284:“And by and by my master drew on him，”不一会儿，我的主人就拔剑跟他打了起来。
△Ham.5.2.307 (293):“I dare not drink yet,madam; by and by.”现在我还不敢唱，母亲；等一等。
△2H.Ⅵ.1.3.1:“My Lord Protector will come this way by and by.”护国公大人很快就要从这条路上过来。
△2H.Ⅵ.2.1.141 (138):“Now fetch me a stool hither by and by.”现在马上给我拿一张小凳子来。 by any means: in all possible ways. by all means尽一切办法，千方百计。
△Rom.1.1.150(145):“Have you importuned him by any means?”你可曾想一切办法追问过他？
by’ lady (by’r lady): (mild oath) by Our Lady,the Virgin Mary（轻誓）圣母在上。
△Ham.2.2.453(424):“What,my young lady and mistress(i.e.the boy actor who played the women’s parts)! By’lady,your ladyship is nearer to heaven than when I saw you last, by the altitude of a chopine.”啊，我的年轻姑娘，我的小姐！凭着圣母起誓，你穿上了厚底木鞋，比我上次看见你的时候，个子高得跟天更近了。(按：这里说的“姑娘”，指的是扮演女角的童伶。) by me: to me,i.e.to injure me对我不利。
△L.L.L.5.2.634: “Though my mocks come home by me,I will now be merry.”尽管我的讥嘲落回到我自己的头上，我现在还是要开玩笑。
by my troth: indeed说真的。
△Tw.1.3.4:“By my troth,Sir Toby,you must come in earlier o’ nights.”真的，托比老爷，您晚上得早点儿回来。
by’r lady: (an oath) By Our Lady,i.e.the Virgin Mary（誓语）圣母在上。
△Rom.1.5.37(33):“By’r la dy,thirty years.” 我敢说，有三十年了。
△Tw.2.3.67(62):“By’r lady,sir,and some dogs will catch well.”真的，先生，有些狗也很会唱歌。
△1H.Ⅳ.2.4.49(45):“Five year! By’r lady,a long lease for the clinking of pewter.”五年哪！ 圣母娘娘在上，端着锡镴酒杯丁丁当当的，这时间可真长啊！
by that: on account of that,by reason of that,therefore因此，所以。
△3H.Ⅵ.4.4.12: “Fell Warwick’s
brother,and by that our foe.”那是凶恶的沃里克的哥哥，因此也是我们的仇敌。
by the ears:without ceremony不客气地。
△Rom.3.1.85(80):“pluck your sword out of his pilcher by the ears”，不必客气地把剑抽出鞘来。
by the way: ❶on the way在路上。
△R.Ⅲ.2.2.147(148):“For by the way I’ll sort occasion，”因为在路上我要寻找一个机会。
❷indirectly; casually间接地；偶然地。
△Mac.3.4.130(129): “I hear it by the way; but Iwill send.”i.e. I have heard of his refusal indirectly,but I will send to get direct information.我偶然这样听说；不过我是要派人去的。
by this: ❶by this time在这个时候，到这个时候，此时。
△Ado.1.1.3:“He is very near by this.”这个时候他已经很近了。
△Shr.4.5.62:“The sister to my wife...Thy son by this hath married.”在这个时候，你的儿子多半已经和我妻子的妹妹结婚了。
△3H.Ⅵ.5.5.88:“and let’saway to London / And see our gentle queen how wellshe fares: By this,I hope,she hath a son for me.”我们到伦敦，看一看我那温柔的王后过得可好；我希望，这时候她已经给我生下一个儿子。
❷by now 现在，此刻。
△Wiv.5.5.191(174):“If Anne Page be my daughter,she is,by this,Doctor Caius’ wife.”只要安·裴琪是我的女儿，此刻她已经做了凯斯医生的太太了。
△3H.Ⅵ.5.1.3:“By this atDunsmore,marching hitherward.”现在该到邓斯摩尔了，正向这里进军。
❸according to this reasoning如此说来。
△2H.Ⅵ.3.1.243:“So that,by this,you would nothave him die.”那么，如此说来，你是不想让他死了。
by this hand: I swear我发誓。
△Oth,4.1.183(175):“Yours,by this hand.”是你的，我敢发誓。
by this light: (An oath) by God’s light（赌咒语）老天在上。
△Ado.5.1.143(140):“By this light,he changesmore and more.”天哪，他的脸色越变越难看了。
by yea and no: most certainly (based on Matthew 5:37) 的的确确地，实实在在地。(原文为成语，据《马太福音》第5章第37节。)
△Wiv.1.1.89 (87):“Sir,I thank you; byyea and no,I do.”先生，我谢谢你；实实在在地，我谢谢你。by your leave: (a common formula of departure) ex-cuse me（告别之语）容我告退。
△Mer.2.4.15:“By yourleave,sir.”告辞了，先生。