prep (1) 在……旁边(近处)(near in position; at the side of; next to)：be (stand/sit)～a window/a pillar/a fire/a person 在(站在/坐在)窗户/柱子/炉火/一个人的旁边;go (walk/run)～a river/a lake/the sea/the side of Anna在河边/湖边/海边/安娜旁边走(散步/跑);a road～the church/the railway/the wall 教堂/铁路/墙旁边的道路;
 (2) 经，由，通过(by way of; through the route of; along)：enter (go out)～the back/front door从后/前门进(出);travel to Rome～Milan and Florence经由米兰和佛罗伦萨去罗马; come (return)～country roads/motorways/main roads/highways/the same route由乡村道路/高速公路/大道/公路/同一路线来(回去);cross a river～a bridge通过桥过河;cross a street～a footbridge通过步行桥过街;go home～a shortcut抄近道回家;
 (3) (从旁)经过(past)：go (walk/run/pass)～a person(without speaking/stopping/no-ticing him/realizing him)从一个人身旁走(走/跑/经)过(而没说话/停步/注意到他/意识到他);
 (4) 在……以前，到……为止，不迟于(before the end of or not later than(some stated time))：He must have returned/must be hungry～now/this time.现在/此时他一定已经回来了/一定饿了。He will(not)have finished/will be there～then/tomorrow/this time tomorrow/next year/the end of this month/ten o'clock/the time she arrives. (到)那时/明天/明天这会儿/明年/这个月末/10点/她到的时候(为止)，他将已(还未)干完/将在那里。
 (5) 在……期间(之中)((introducing the conditions of an action) during or in)(其后不接the)：work (sleep/travel)～day/night 在白天/夜里工作(睡觉/旅行);Cats hunt～night.猫晚上捕老鼠。can be seen～daylight/moonlight 在日/月光下可以看得见;Reading～bad light is not good for your eyes.在昏暗的光线下看书对眼睛不利。
 (6) 被，由(through the action or authorship of)(用于动词的被动式后)：be struck～lighting/killed～a bullet/run over～a truck被雷电击毙/子弹打死/卡车辗过;The house was damaged～fire.房子让火烧毁了。The novel is (written)～Dickens.这本小说是狄更斯写的。a book～Dickens一本狄更斯写的书;a play～Bernard Shaw肖伯纳写的剧本;a painting～Picasso毕加索的画作;
 (7) 通过(用，靠)(方法，手段)(through the means of (sth/doing sth))：heat (light) a room～gas/oil/electricity用煤气/油/电给房间取暖(照明);make sth～hand/machinery用手工/机械做……; pay～cheque用支票付款;live～bread靠面包维生;contact sb～letter/telephone/telegram/radio 通过信/电话/电报/无线电联系;send(deliver)sth～hand/messenger/post/express/cable/fax 由专人/信使/邮局/快件/海底电缆/传真寄送(传递);express thoughts～action通过行动来表达思想;settle a problem～negotiation通过谈判解决问题;choose sth～one's ear and eye通过听和看挑选东西;succeed～hard work通过努力获得成功;
 (8) 通过做某事(with the action of (doing sth))(接ing形式)：begin/finish～saying开始/结束时说; shock sb～resigning由于辞职而使某人震惊;salute sb～raising one's hat举帽向某人致敬; earn money(one's living)～writing通过写作赚钱(谋生);learn music～practising通过练习学习音乐; improve wine～keeping通过储存提高酒质;
 (9)由于，因为(because of; through; as a result of sth)(其后不接the)：discover sth～chance/accident/mistake/good fortune偶尔/偶尔/错误地/幸运地发现什么;achieve sth～skill/determination由于有技艺/决心而获得……;
 (10) 乘，坐，由(showing the means of transport or the route taken)(其后不接the)：go (travel)～bike/car/bus/train/rail/boat/ship/plane/helicopter/metro/tube/underground 骑(乘)自行车/汽车/公共汽车/火车/火车/船/船/飞机/直升飞机/地铁/地铁/地铁去(旅行); go(travel/arrive)～land/sea/air/road 由陆路/海路/空运/旱路去(旅行/到达);
 (11) 就……而言(with regard to; in respect of)(其后不接the)：be French/peasant～birth生为法国人/农民; be Londoner～adoption收养后成为伦敦人;a teacher～profession职业教师;a solicitor～training专业律师;a joiner～trade细木工匠;It's a doctor， James～name.那是一个名叫詹姆斯的大夫。tolerant～temperament性情宽厚;generous～nature本性慷慨;hunt～instinct 出于天性狩猎;
 (12) 根据(according to)：judge sb/sth～appearances/one's looks/the smell根据外表/外貌/味道判断人/事;know(see/tell) sth～sb's face/the expression/the look从脸色/表情/表情知道(看出/判断);know (recognize) sb～his laugh/his white hair根据笑声/白发认出某人;get the answer～guess猜出答案;B～his theory/the look of the sky， we'll get storm.根据他的理论/天空的样子，会有暴风雨。What time is it～your watch? 你的表几点了?
 (13) 按照(in accordance with)：play (a game)～the rules按规则玩(做游戏);～sb's leave照某人的允许;
 (14) 顺序(逐渐)地(in successive units， groups or degrees of)：improve day～day/hour～hour/little～little/bit～bit一天一天/一小时一小时/一点一点/一点一点地改善;go out (come in) one～one/two～two一个一个/俩俩地走出(进来);step～step一步一步地; piece～piece一片一片地; house～house一家一家地;point～point一点一点地;line～line一行一行地;
 (15) 按(……计量)(in a way that is counted in units of)(后接the)：pay sb(engage sb/rent sth/hire sth)～the hour/the day/the week/the month按小时/天/周/月付款(雇人/出租/租用);sell sth～the dozen/the handful/the pint/the pound/the kilogram/the yard/the ton/the gallon论打/把/品脱/磅/公斤/码/吨/加仑出售……;buy sth～the hundred/the thousand/the million (or～hundreds/thousands/millions) 成百/上千/上万地买;
 (16) (表示面积、体积的尺寸或乘、除)(express dimensions or multiplication or division)：The carpet measures/is three yards～two (yards)(3yds×2yds). 这地毯长三码，宽两码。a hall 30 feet～50 feet 30英尺宽、50英尺长的厅; multiply/divide 10～2 10乘/除以2;10 multiplied～2 equals/is 20. 10乘以2等于20。10 divided～2 equals/is 5. 10除以2等于5。
 (17)相差(……数目，程度)(to the extent of or with the difference of)： win (lose/miss) sth～a nose/a few feet/one goal/a hair's breadth以少许/几英尺/一球/毫发之差取胜(输掉/未打中);win a match～2 points以两分之差赢得比赛;escape death～inches死里逃生;increase～￡2增长两英镑;fall～one-third下降三分之一;too short (shorter)/longer/taller～2 inches短/长/高两英寸; older～half/2 years/a great deal年长一半/两岁/很多;
 (18)(表示抓、握的部位)(showing the part of the body or some object seized，held，touched，etc)： lead/take/seize/grab/catch sb～the hand领着/握住/抓住/抓住/抓住某人的手;grip/chain/shake/pull sb～the arm掐住/用链子拴住/摇/拉某人的手臂;grab/hold a knife～the handle抓/握住刀把;
 (19)以……的名义(in the name of (sb/sth))：I swear～Almighty God/everything I believe in/all that I hold dear.全能的上帝/苍天/主啊，我发誓! B～God/heaven! 天啊!
 adv (1) 在旁边(near in position)：live/sit/be (close/near)～住/坐/在(紧)旁边;A crowd stood～and watched.一群人站在旁边观看。Nobody was～at the time.当时旁边没有人。
 (2) 经过(past (in place or time))：go/walk/run/come/drive/fly/hurry/pass～从旁边走过/走过/跑过/走过来/驶过/飞过/匆忙而过/经过;let sb (get)～让某人过去;Time flies/goes～.时间飞逝。After an hour had gone～， they returned.一小时过后，他们回来了。
 (3) 放起来(aside; reserve)：lay/put/set sth～把……储备起来;money put～for an emergency/for later储放起来以备急用/以后用的钱;keep sth～in case...把……存放起来以备……;
 by and by 不久，很快：B～and～they all came on board.不久，他们都上船了。
 by the by(e) (or by the way)顺便说一句，还有(一件事)：B～and ～， you may as well come too. 顺便说一句，你也可以来呀。
 by and large 总的来说：We enjoy the work～and large.总的来说，我们喜欢这个工作。
 →′by-election n 补缺选举;′bygone adj 过去(以往)的;′bylaw n 地方法律;俱乐部或公司的章程;′bypass n 旁道;v 修绕行路;绕行;′by-play n 穿插表演;′by-product n 副产品;副效应;′by-road， ′byway n 小路;′by-street n 小街;′bystander n 旁观者;
 【用法】介词by表示交通手段(见prep(10))时，是指一般手段，如：Let's go by car/bike. (咱们坐/骑车去吧。) 如若特指某一车辆时，要用in或on，如：Let's go in my car/on my motor bike. (坐我的汽车/摩托车去吧。) 若表示交通工具的名词前有钟点修饰时，by和on两者皆可用，如：Let's go by (or on) the 8：00 train. (咱们乘8点的火车走吧。)
 【辨异】by与with和through都可指出行为的主体或手段。by通常表示被动结构的行为主体，如：The window was broken by a stone. (窗户被一块石头打破了。) 或手段，如：send sth by airmail(航空邮寄);with 表示行为工具，如：The window was broken with a stone. (窗户是用石头打破的。) through特别指直接的媒介或助力，如：through outside aid(借助外力(援))， 或原因、动机，如：wounded through carelessness (由于粗心大意而受伤)。