prep (1)无，没有(in a state of not having)：three days～food/sleep 三天没吃东西/没睡觉; go out～a coat 不穿外套外出;go shopping～any money 没带钱去买东西;speak to the audience～much exaggeration/enthusiasm/expression/a sense of humour 对观众讲话时不太夸张/无精打采/毫无表情/毫无幽默感;do sth～difficulty/help/hesitation/inspiration/delay/trouble/necessary permit/a very good reason/any hope of reward 不费力气/不用帮助/毫不犹豫/毫无灵感/毫不迟延/毫不麻烦/没有获得必要的允许/没有正当理由/没有任何回报希望地做某事;You are not allowed in～a visa/a passport. 没有签证/护照你不能入境。His case is～much hope. 他的案子没多大希望。

(2)在无……的情况下，不包括(having no sb/sth in company or not including)：We couldn't have done it～John/his help. 没有约翰/他的帮助我们不可能做成这件事。W～her，he could die/couldn't live. 没有她，他就会毁灭/活不成了。How can you live/survive～hope? 没有希望你怎么能活/生存下去呢?feel lonely～sb 没有某人感到很孤独;No sweet～sweat.(prov) 没有苦哪有甜。

(3)不使用(not using)：The old man can't walk～a walking stick/read～his glasses. 那位老人不用拐杖就不能走路/不戴眼镜就不能看书。The chairs are hard～cushions. 椅子没有椅垫儿坐着很硬。

(4)无，没，不(no)(与-ing分词短语连用)：leave～saying goodbye/telling sb 招呼也没打/没告诉某人一声就离开了;walk past sb～speaking/his knowing 从某人身旁走过，一句话也没说/他没有察觉;Try and do it～making any mistakes/letting anyone else know. 努力去做这件事争取不要出错/让其他人知道。To come in～knocking is not polite. 不敲门就进来是不礼貌的。You can't move in～everybody knowing. 你只要搬进来，大家必然会知道。I can make a deal～being cheated. 我做买卖不会受骗。do it～being caught 做那事而不被捉住;go back home～having achieved any success 没有取得任何成就就回家了;

(5)在……之外(outside)(古用法)：～the city walls/the city 在城墙/城外;～the terms of the agreement 协议之外; wait～the door 在门外等候;

do without 不要(用，吃)……也行：It's something I can't do～. 这东西我不能不要。

go without 没(吃，睡，穿)：I can't go～sleep for two nights. 两夜不睡我可受不了。

go without saying 不用说，不成问题：It goes～saying that he will come. 不用说他肯定来。

without fail 一定： You must be here at ten sharp～fail. 10点整你一定要在这儿等着。

adv(1)在外边(outside)：a sturdy structure within and～内外坚固的结构; It is cold～. 外边很冷。Watermelons are green～and red within. 西瓜皮绿瓤红。Your carriage is～，my lady. 夫人，你的车停在外面。The king waits～! 国王在外面等着呢!

(2)没有(not having)：Since there is no milk left， we'll have to manage/do～. 既然没有牛奶了，我们只好凑合/不喝了。We must take it or go～. 我们必须吃这个，要不然只得空着肚子了。rent a suit of two bed-rooms， one with furniture and the other～租一套两居室，一间有家具，一间没家具;

n外面(部)(outside)[U]：The door itself opened from～. 门自己从外面开了。as seen from～从外部来看;〖同〗outside;〖反〗inside