adj (1)不易磨损的，坚韧的(difficult to cut，break or wear out;strong)：～glass/plastic/rubber不易碎的玻璃/坚韧的塑料/坚韧的橡胶;～material/shoes 耐磨材料/耐穿的鞋;〖同〗 strong，durable，hardy，firm，solid;〖反〗weak，delicate，fragile，tender;

(2)耐劳的，坚(顽)强的(able to bear hardship，illness，etc;strong)：a～old lady/football player/soldier/fight 吃苦耐劳的老妇人/顽强的足球运动员/坚强的士兵/顽强的战斗;～troops/breeds of sheep 顽强的军队/强壮的羊种;Only the～est soldiers were chosen for the mission into enemy territory. 只有最吃苦耐劳的士兵才被选去执行深入敌区的战斗任务。〖同〗strong，resistant，hardy;

(3)(指肉)咬不动的，坚韧的((of meat) difficult to cut or chew)(derog)：～steaks/meat/beef 老得咬不动的牛排/肉/牛肉;as～as old boots(尤指肉)坚韧的，咀嚼不动的;〖同〗hardy，solid，strong;〖反〗soft，delicate，tender;

(4)蛮横的，凶恶的(violent;badly behaved)(尤AmE)：a～criminal/gang of children 凶恶的罪犯/一群蛮横不讲理的孩子;a～neighborhood/area/talk 不文明的街区/环境险恶的地区/粗鲁的言谈;〖同〗rough，cruel，brutal，hard;〖反〗sweet，kind，gentle，mild;

(5)强硬的，严厉的(stubborn;harsh;severe)：take～measures 采取严厉的措施;adopt a～policy 施行强硬政策;a～manager/teacher 严厉的经理/老师;The company decided to get～with the striking workers. 公司决定对罢工工人们采取严厉措施。a～winter 严寒;～as nails 硬如铁钉;〖同〗hard，stern，firm，strict，inflexible，stubborn;〖反〗easy，permissive，flexible;

(6)棘手的，艰苦的，困难的(difficult to deal with or overcome)：a～struggle/life/job/game/journey/problem/assignment/competition 艰苦的斗争/困难的生活/难做的事/激烈的比赛/艰辛的旅程/棘手的问题/困难的任务/激烈的竞争;〖同〗difficult，trying，complicated，complex;〖反〗soft，easy，simple，slight;

(7)不幸的(unfortunate;hard to bear or endure)[A (on)]：T～luck! 倒霉!It's～on his falling ill just before the exam. 他真不幸，刚好在考试前病倒了。〖同〗unfortunate;〖反〗fortunate;

→′toughly adv 坚韧地，顽强地;′toughness n 坚韧，坚固;强壮;强硬;′toughen v 使某物(人)(更)坚韧(强);

n 粗暴(凶恶)的人(violent person)[C]：a gang/crowd of young～s 一帮/群年轻的亡命徒;

v

tough out (v adv)决心忍受(vt)：We've no choice but to～it out. 我们别无选择，只有下决心忍受。