adj (1) 苦(味)的 (tasting like beer or black coffee without sugar)：a～pill/drink/flavour/orange 苦药丸/饮料/味/橘子;leave a～taste in the mouth嘴中有一股苦味;These plums are～.这些李子味苦。It tastes faintly of～almonds.这有种淡淡的苦杏仁味。〖反〗sweet;

(2) 痛苦的，辛酸的 (difficult to accept;causing sharp pain or grief)：～memories/experience/lessons/blows令人辛酸的记忆/经历/教训/打击;～smiles苦笑;～fruit of one's own making自己酿成的苦果;a～sorrow痛苦的悔恨; the～truth令人痛苦的事实; face the～task of rebuilding one's farm 面临重建农场的痛苦任务;Failing the exam was a～disappointment to her. 考试不及格使她伤心失望。feel～觉得痛苦;〖同〗painful;〖反〗happy，joyful，delightful;

(3) 愤恨的，嫉妒的，失望的，不快的(caused by， filled with，or showing hate，envy，anger， disappointment，or other unpleasant feelings)：cry/shed～tears 哭出/流出伤心的眼泪;～enemies/foes 死敌/恨之入骨的仇敌;feel/be～about one's divorce因为离婚感到伤心;feel/be～over the arrangement/against sb对安排/某人感到愤懑;～quarrels/arguments/struggles/fights/fighting/criticisms激烈的争吵/争论/斗争/战斗/战斗/批评;～words/hatred尖刻的话/痛恨;a great deal of～opposition to the scheme 对这个计划大量尖刻的反对意见;〖同〗 resentful，angry;〖反〗friendly，pleasant;

(4) 刺痛的 (very sharp， piercing， biting， etc)： a～winter wind/chill 冬天刺骨的寒风/寒气; I have never known such～cold. 我从未经历过这样的严寒。The wind is cold and～. 这风冷得刺骨。〖同〗biting，severe;〖反〗mild，gentle;

to the bitter end 一直到底 (infml)：fight/struggle to the～end 战斗/奋斗到底;

→′bitterness n 苦味;辛酸，痛苦;͵bitter-′sweet adj 甜中带苦味的;

n苦啤酒 (bitter beer)[U](BrE)：Two pints of/A half of～， please.请给我两品脱/半份苦啤酒。

→′bitterly adv 痛苦地;愤恨地;激烈地;′bitters n 调鸡尾酒用的苦味药酒