v (1)抓(破，伤)，擦，划(pull or push sth with a sharp point or rough surface across sth，so damaging or hurting it)[I，I+prep，T+n]：The cat～es (with its claws) at the door. 那只猫(用爪子)挠门。The car was only～ed in the accident. 在事故中汽车只蹭掉了一点漆皮。～one's elbow with the thorns/on the old nail 用刺/旧钉子划伤了肘部;fall and～one's knee/one's arm 摔倒磕破膝盖/胳膊;The cat (brambles)～ed my hand/my legs. 那只猫抓(荆棘刺)伤了我的手/腿。～the chair with a toy car/a knife/shoes 用玩具汽车/刀子/鞋划了椅子;～a match on the wall 在墙上划火柴;～the paint away 把油漆刮掉;～plaster off the wall 把墙上的灰膏刮掉;～rust off the stove 把炉子上的锈刮掉;〖同〗scrape，strike，rub;

(2)抓(挠)痒(rub one's fingernails against one's skin)[I，T+n]：～with one's fingernails/a scratcher 用指甲抓痒/挠痒;～one's head/one's back 挠自己的头皮/挠后背;Don't～a mosquito bite/the rash. 不要抓蚊虫咬的地方/皮疹。You～my back and I'll～yours.(prov)你捧我，我也捧你。〖同〗scrape，rub;

(3)挖(出)，扒(出)，刨(use one's nail or claw to dig on the surface of sth to try to find or make sth)[T+n，T+n+prep，T+n+adv]：～a hole in the flower bed 在花坛上刨个坑;Hens～ed (about) for food on the ground/corn in the snow. 母鸡在地上(四处)刨食/在雪地里(四处)刨谷物。The dog～ed up the hidden bag/some seeds/a bone. 狗刨出了隐藏的包/一些种子/一根骨头。The witch threatened to～her eyes out. 那个老巫婆威胁说要挖出她的双眼。

(4)刻(划)出，乱涂乱画(write (one or more letters);make (one or more marks) by scratch-ing)[T+n，T+n+prep]：～a map in the dirt with a stick 用小棍在泥土上勾画出一幅地图;～notes on a pad/“M.L.Loves P.N.” on the gate 在便笺上草草地记录/在门上涂写着“M.L.爱 P.N.”;～one's name on the rock/a tree with a sharp stone (a knife) 用锐利的石子(刀子)在岩石上/树上刻下自己的名字;～a line on a surface 在面上划出一道线;The scout～ed crosses in the barks of the trees. 侦察员在那些树皮上刻下了一些十字。〖同〗cut，draw;

(5)因刮擦发出(声音)(make a slight unpleasant noise;scrape)[I]：The pencil～ed on the paper. 铅笔划在纸上沙沙作响。Her fingernails～ed against the glass. 她的指甲划过玻璃发出刺耳的声音。〖同〗scrape;

(6)退出(比赛)(withdraw from a game，competition，race，etc)[I，I+prep (from)，T+n，T+n+prep (from)]：He felt very ill and decided to～(from the marathon). 他觉得很难受，决定退出(马拉松)比赛。We'll have to～her because of her illness. 因为她病了，我们只好让她退出比赛。～a horse/a runner from the final 让一匹马/一名运动员退出决赛;〖同〗 withdraw，cancel，exclude;

scratch one's head 挠头，伤脑筋：Her reply made me～my head. (I～ed my head about her reply.) 她的回答使我费思量。

scratch out (v adv)把……划掉(vt)：S～out the last sentence. 把最后一句划掉。His name has been～ed out from the list. 他的名字已经从名单上划掉了。

scratch the surface (of sth)仅了解(讲了)一点皮毛：When we made a trip to Tibet，we found we had only～ed the surface (of it).去了一趟西藏后，我们发现以前对西藏的了解很肤浅。

n(1)抓(刮)痕，擦(小)伤(thin，shallow mark，injury，etc，made by scratching)[C]：a few bruises and～es on one's face 脸上几处青肿和擦伤;get/receive a mere～on one's leg 腿上只受/受点小伤;The table/One of his hands was covered in (with)～es. 桌子上/他的一只手满是刻痕/伤痕。The scout came back with/without a～. 侦察员带着一处小伤/安然无恙地回来了。There're deep～es on the post. 柱子上有许多深深的刻痕。〖同〗cut;

(2)刺耳的抓(刮，擦)声(scraping sound)[C]：the～of a pen钢笔的沙沙声;～es on the old tape 旧磁带发出的沙沙声;

(3)抓，搔(act of scratching)[U，a～]：enjoy having a～喜欢挠痒痒;give oneself a good～美美地抓痒痒;The cat is giving a～at the door because it wants to come in. 因为想进来，那只猫在挠门。

from scratch 从头(开始)，白手(起家)：He started his business from～. 他是从零做起干成他的事业的。

up to scratch 合格，达到要求 (infml)：All the students are up to～for the examination. 所有的学生都考试合格了。The footballers are training for the match，but they're not up to～yet. 足球运动员们在为比赛训练，但还没有达到要求。

→′scratchy adj 使人发痒的;发出刮擦声的;′scratchily adv 使人发痒地;发出刮声地;′scratchiness n 使人发痒;发出刮擦声;

adj 临时组成的，凑合的(assemble hastily;rough)[作attrib]：a～football team 一支临时现凑的足球队;a～dinner/meal 临时凑合的饭/饭;a～paper/pad 打草稿用的纸/便笺