adj (1)坚硬(固)的(firm;solid;not easy to break)：a～knot/stone 一个结实的结/一块坚硬的石头;～floor/hands/scales/chairs 坚硬的地板/结实的双手/坚硬的鳞片/硬邦邦的椅子;(snow/ground) be frozen～(雪/地面)冻得坚硬;too～to dig 太坚硬了挖不动;〖反〗soft;
(2)难以理解(回答，做)的，困难的(difficult to do，accomplish，understand，or answer)[A(for)，A+to-inf]：a～book/language/question/arithmetic assignment/task难懂的书/难懂的语言/难以回答的问题/难做的算术作业/困难的任务;a～book to read/language to learn/question to answer 难读的书/难学的语言/难回答的问题;a man～to please 难取悦的人;the～est job/course for sb 某人最难做的工作/难学的课程;It's～for sb to tell whether it is true or not/say which is better. 某人很难区分真假/说出哪个更好。
(3) 1)辛苦的，费力(神)的(needing or using force of body or mind)：～work/labour/bargain/thinking辛苦的工作/繁重的劳动/费力的讨价还价/冥思苦想;a～day/struggle艰苦的日子/斗争;take a long～look at one's finances/profit factor仔细盘算自己的资金/利润因素;take a long～look at the plan/situation 认真研究这项计划/这种形势;〖同〗labourious; 2)努(尽)力的(putting great effort into sth)[作attrib]：a～worker/fighter 努力工作的工人/顽强的斗士;〖同〗industrious，diligent;
(4)强(猛，剧)烈的(forceful or violent)：a～rain/knock (blow/kick/push) 一场大雨/猛烈地敲(击/踢/推);say some～words 说一些严厉的言词;〖反〗light;
(5)艰辛(难)的(having or causing suffering;difficult to endure)：have a～childhood/life/time度过艰辛的童年/过着艰苦的生活/经受艰辛;give sb a～time 让某人吃尽苦头;in the～times 在那艰苦的岁月;the～discipline of army life军队生活中难以忍受的纪律;
(6)(天气)酷冷(恶劣)的((of weather)severe)：a～winter/frost 严冬/寒;〖同〗 harsh;〖反〗mild;
(7) 冷酷(无情)的，严厉的(not feeling or showing pity，sympathy or kindness)：a～father 严厉的父亲;a～woman/master/judge冷酷无情的女人/主人/法官;～feelings/eyes 冷酷无情/严厉的目光;have a～look on sb's face 表情冷漠;〖同〗stern，cruel;
(8)(指声音和颜色)刺耳(目)的((of sounds or colours) too harsh to be pleasant)：a～voice;刺耳的声音;～light 刺眼的光;
(9)(辅音)发硬音的((of consonant)pronounced sharp，not soft)： Is the “g” in the“get”～or soft?“g”在“get”中读硬音还是软音?
(10)确实的，不容置疑的(indisputable;real;based on what is clearly true or can be proved)[作attrib]：have no～evidence 没有确凿的证据;～science/facts 实实在在的科学/铁一般的事实;
(11)(酒)烈性的，酒精含量高的((of alcoholic drink) strongly alcoholic)：～liquor/stuff/drinks 烈酒;
be hard on sb 1)对……很严厉(苛刻)：be～on the young man/new recruits 对这位年轻人/这些招募的新兵很严厉; 2)对……不公平：The restrictions are/seem a bit～on welfare applicants. 这些限制是/似乎对福利申请人有点儿不公平。3)磨损得厉害：(children/the rough roads) be～on one's shoes(孩子们/粗糙的路面)很容易磨破鞋子;
hard and fast 不容变通的：～and fast regulation/categories/rules 严格的规定/分类/规则;(distinction) be～and fast(区别)是一成不变的;
(as) hard as nails 冷酷无情，硬心肠：The boss is as～as nails. 老板铁石心肠。
(as) hard as stone 非常坚硬(牢固)：The ground is as～as stone. 地面十分坚硬。
hard of hearing 听力弱的，耳聋的：help the～of hearing to hear better 帮助耳背的人听得清楚些;
the hard way 比较艰难的方式：find out sth/win an election/grow up the～way 艰难地了解某事/赢得一场选举/长大;
hard feelings 恶感，对立情绪：There were still/no～feelings between them. 他们之间仍然有/没有对立情绪。
play hard to get 假装无兴趣以取得;以退为进(infml)：She refused to go to the cinema with him at first，but she was only playing～to get. 起初她拒绝跟他去看电影，她只是以退为进罢了。
→′hardness n 坚硬;困难;辛苦;′hardback n 精装书;′hardboard n 硬质纤维板;͵hard-′headed adj 精明而实际的;͵hard-′hearted adj 硬心肠的;͵hard-′line adj强硬的，不妥协的;͵hard-′liner n 强硬路线派;͵hard-′nosed adj 顽固的;′hard-top n 金属顶盖汽车;′hardware n 金属(五金)器具;重型机械(武器);硬件;′hardwood n 硬质木材;
adv (1)努(费，尽)力地(with great energy，effort;with all one's force)：work/argue/think/pull～努力工作/极力争辩/拼命思考/使劲拉;look～at sb/a picture使劲看着某人/一张图画;try～to do sth 竭力去做某事;hit a ball～使劲击球;a～-fought election campaign 全力投入的竞选运动;
(2)艰难地(with a struggle;difficult)：The victory was～won. 胜利来之不易。 enjoy the～-earned rest/money 享受来之不易的休息/金钱;～-won rights 赢得来之不易的权利;a～-bitten colonel 顽强的上校;
(3)剧(猛)烈地(with great force，heavily)：freeze/rain/snow/blow～严寒/暴雨/大雪/刮大风;hit sb～猛打某人;slam a door～猛地把门关上;come down on sb～对某人很厉害;〖同〗forcefully，powerfully，violently;〖反〗lightly;
(4)充分地，完全地(to the full extent;completely)：The car turned～right. 汽车向右急转弯。
be hard put (to it) (to do sth)难以(做)：She was～put (to it) to explain what had happened/meet the deadline. 她很难解释发生了什么事/按期完成。
be hard up 缺钱：be very～up at the moment 眼下手头很拮据;
be hard up for 缺少，需要：be～up for water/words to express one's feelings 缺水/缺乏表达自己心情的话语;
hard done by 苛(亏)待：be/feel very～done by receiving less money than others 收到的钱比别人少，觉得受到亏待;
hard on sb's heels 紧跟，追随：He ran ahead，with two boys～on his heels. 他在前面跑，两个男孩紧跟其后。
take sth hard 难受，悲伤，耿耿于怀：take the news/one's father's death very～听到这个消息/对父亲的死非常悲痛;
be hard hit (by)受到很大损失：The firm was～hit by the rising prices. 由于物价上涨公司蒙受了巨大损失。
→͵hard′bitten adj 顽强的，坚韧的;͵hard-′boiled adj(指蛋类)煮老了的;(指人)无情的，不动感情的;͵hard-′hitting adj 有力的，直截了当的;͵hard-′pressed adj 被紧紧催逼的;忙碌的;͵hard-′wearing adj 耐磨损(用)的;͵hard-′working adj 勤劳(努力)的;
【辨异】1)hard与difficult的区别见DIFFICULT。2)hard与 firm1、solid和stiff的区别见FIRM1 。