v (1)1)磨(碾，嚼)碎(cause (sth) to break or be crushed into small pieces or powder)[T+n，T+n+prep (down/up)，T+n+prep(to/into)，T+n+adv (down/up) prep (to/into)，T+n+adv]：The animal～s the nut with/between its powerful molars.动物用其有力的臼齿把坚果嚼碎。～one's cigarette in the ashtray/under one's foot把烟灰缸中的/脚下的香烟掐灭(踩灭);～wheat(down/up)into flour把小麦磨成粉;～eggshells to dust/pieces/a fine powder 把蛋壳磨成末/碾成细块/磨成细粉末;freshly ground coffee/black pepper 刚磨好的咖啡/黑胡椒; 2)可被碾碎(磨成粉末)((of a material) to be able to be suitably crushed)[I，I+adv (down)，I+adv (to/into)，I+adv (down) prep (to/into)]：The beans～s easily/well. 这蚕豆很容易磨成粉/很好磨。Can the corn～down finer/down to a good white flour?这玉米还能磨得更细/磨成很好的白面粉吗? 3)(将肉)绞碎(mince meat)[T+n](AmE)：ground meat 绞碎的肉;

(2)磨(碾)成(break or be crushed into small piece or powder)[T+n，T+n+prep(from)]：～flour from wheat 把小麦磨成粉;

(3)折磨，压迫(hold down;oppress sb)[尤pass：T+n，T+n+prep (down)](fig)：The laborers were ground by their cruel overseers.劳工们受到他们监工的残酷压榨。be ground (down) by poverty/taxation/tyranny/disease/hunger受贫穷/苛税/暴政/疾病/饥饿的折磨;～down the poor 压迫穷人;

(4)磨光(快)(polish or sharpen sth by rubbing it on a hard surface)[T+n，T+n+ prep (on/with)]：～a knife/an ax/a pair of scissors on a stone 在石头上磨刀/斧子/剪刀;〖同〗sharpen;

(5)摩擦(cause sth to rub together，usu producing an unpleasant noise)[T+n，T+n+prep (in/into)，T+n+adv (together)]：～one's teeth in one's sleep 睡觉中咬牙;ship(lift)～on the rocks/in the shaft 船(电梯)擦着礁石/在电梯井中发出摩擦声;(dirt) be deeply ground into the carpet/floor covering(灰尘)被深深地踩进地毯里/地板下面;

(6)发出刺耳的声音(make a sharp unpleasant noise by rubbing (things) together)[I，I+adv (away)]：The old machine ground. 这台老机器发出刺耳的嘎嘎声。

(7)转(摇)动(operate by turning a crank or handle)[T+n]：～a hand-mill/a coffee-mill/a barrel-organ 摇动手磨/咖啡磨/管风琴;

(8)苦读(干)(continue to work very hard)[I，I+prep (at)，I+adv (away)，I+adv (away)prep (at)]：～away at one's studies/German用功读书/苦读德文;～away for an exam 用功准备考试;

grind to a halt/standstill 1)(指车辆)嘎嘎地慢慢刹住;The traffic/old car ground to a halt.车辆/旧汽车嘎吱嘎吱响着慢慢停住了。2)(指过程)慢慢停止(fig)：The retreating columns/procession ground to a halt one after the other.撤退的纵队/行进的队伍一个接一个地慢慢停了下来。

grind on(v adv)乏味地进行(vi)：The speaker～s on.演讲者空洞无味地讲着。

grind out (v adv) 1)转动把手使产生(vt)：He～s out music from a street-organ.他手摇风琴奏出音乐。2)沉闷而单调地演奏：The band ground out monotonous/old tunes.乐队演奏出单调/老的曲调。3)挤牙膏似地写出(derog)：～out some verses/one's weekly article for the paper绞尽脑汁为报纸写出一些诗文/每周写一篇文章;

→′grinding adj 发出刺耳声;grinder n 研磨(机)的人;

n(1)磨细的程度(size of ground particles as coffee，beans，etc)[U，a～]：a coarse～磨得很粗;

(2)苦差事;枯燥乏味的话(hard dull work，esp over a length of time)[U，a～]：Writing report every month is a real/bit of/terrible～. 每个月写一份报告真是件苦差事/有一点乏味/是一件极端乏味的活儿。the tiresome～of preparing oneself for college entrance 准备上大学这件令人疲惫不堪的苦差事;

(3)埋头死读书的人(excessively diligent student)[C](AmE)(derog)：He is a～. 他是个死用功的人。

→′grindstone n 磨石